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The technology was also transferred to the American Army for use in its tanks, including the Sherman. As a part of Polish–British pre- World War II military cooperation, the patent was sold to Vickers-Armstrong for use in British tanks, including the Crusader, Churchill, Valentine, and Cromwell models. This design, patented by Rudolf Gundlach in 1936, first saw use in the Polish 7-TP light tank (produced from 1935 to 1939). An important development, the Gundlach rotary periscope, incorporated a rotating top this allowed a tank commander to obtain a 360-degree field of view without moving his seat.
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Tanks use periscopes extensively: they enable drivers or tank commanders to inspect their situation without leaving the safety of the tank. Some of them also allowed estimating the distance to a target, as they were designed as stereoscopic rangefinders. ĭuring World War II (1939-1945), artillery observers and officers used specifically-manufactured periscope binoculars with different mountings. Periscopes, in some cases fixed to rifles, served in World War I (1914-1918) to enable soldiers to see over the tops of trenches, thus avoiding exposure to enemy fire (especially from snipers). Morgan Robertson (1861–1915) claimed to have tried to patent the periscope: he described a submarine using a periscope in his fictional works. Sir Howard Grubb perfected the device in World War I.
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Simon Lake used periscopes in his submarines in 1902. In 1854 Hippolyte Marié-Davy invented the first naval periscope, consisting of a vertical tube with two small mirrors fixed at each end at 45°. Hevelius saw military applications for his invention. Johannes Hevelius described an early periscope with lenses in 1647 in his work Selenographia, sive Lunae descriptio. Johannes Gutenberg, known for his contribution to printing technology, marketed a kind of periscope in the 1430s to enable pilgrims to see over the heads of the crowd at the vigintennial religious festival at Aachen. Photograph by Ernest Brooks.Ī team of German artillery observers using periscope binoculars, 1943 If the two telescopes have different individual magnification, the difference between them causes an overall magnification or reduction.Īustralian Light Horse troops using a periscope rifle, Gallipoli, 1915. The overall design of the classical submarine periscope is very simple: two telescopes pointed into each other.
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More complex periscopes, using prisms and/or advanced fiber optics instead of mirrors, and providing magnification, operate on submarines and in various fields of science. Military personnel also use periscopes in some gun turrets and in armoured vehicles. This form of periscope, with the addition of two simple lenses, served for observation purposes in the trenches during World War I. In its simplest form, it consists of an outer case with mirrors at each end set parallel to each other at a 45-degree angle. The left one uses an erecting prism whereas the right uses an erecting lens and a second image plane.Ī periscope is an instrument for observation over, around or through an object, obstacle or condition that prevents direct line-of-sight observation from an observer's current position. The two periscopes differ in the way they erect the image. The periscope on the left uses mirrors whereas the right uses prisms.